Biblioteka Nauki

1

Struktura motywacji osiągnięć a poczucie umiejscowienia kontroli u uczennic szkół ponadgimnazjalnych

100%

Połom M.

Kwartalnik Pedagogiczny

|

2018

|

tom 63(1 (247))

163-178

PL

Attributing success to external influences, such as fate, luck or coincidence indicates the formation of external locus of control. Not recognising the link between effort and the effects of work may contribute to lower achievement motivation and, consequently, may lead to less involvement and poorer educational results. In this study a question was posed whether this correlation really exists and whether girls with a different level of locus of control (LOC) differ in terms of achievement motivation. The study, carried out on a sample of 172 girls (16 to 20 years of age), used a Delta questionnaire by Drwal to investigate the locus of control and the LMI Inventory to examine achievement motivation. The results of this study confirmed that there is a relationship between achievement motivation and the locus of control. In addition, the analysis included age variable. On this basis it was concluded that age can modify achievement motivation in terms of self-confidence, flexibility, status orientation and pride in productivity.

2

Longitudinal Investigation of Nursing Students’ Self-Directed Learning Readiness and Locus of Control Levels in Problem-Based Learning Approach

100%

Duman Z. C. , Sen H.

|

2012

|

tom 27

41-52

EN

The study was conducted to observe changes in nursing students’ Self-Directed Learning Readiness (SDLR) scores and Locus of Control (LOC) scores during their four-year education with the PBL approach and to determine the relationship between SDLR and LOC. The sample included 47 students. Data were collected with LOC and SDLR scales. When the students’ four-year scores were compared, a significant difference was observed between SDLR scores and LOC scores. In both scales, the nursing students’ second and third-year scores increased significantly compared to their first-year scores whereas their fourth-year scores decreased. There was a negative weak correlation between the SDLR scores and LOC scores of the students in every year. Both the SDLR scores and LOC scores decreased in the fourth-year students because the students spent a large part of their time on clinical education. Therefore, it might be proposed that fourth-year curriculum should include topics which might help them cope with stressors associated with issues such as individual development and job finding.

3

Hope for Success Is Where Your Locus of Control Is. A Psychological Analysis of Relationships Between Hope for Success and Locus of Control in Polish Adolescents

100%

Łubianka B. , Filipiak S.

|

2024

|

tom 77

197-207

EN

The study aims to investigate relationships between various dimensions of locus of control and hope for success. 495 secondary school students aged 14 to 16 (Mage = 15.54, SD = 0.53) were surveyed. Hope for success was measured using Łaguna et al.’s Questionnaire of Hope for Success. Locus of control was assessed using the Questionnaire of Locus of Control. The results indicate that the two variables are interrelated. The present findings can be used in designing educational activities to support secondary school students’ sense of agency.

4

Styl atrybucji, poczucie kontroli i płeć a podatność na powstawanie syndromu wyuczonej bezradności

100%

Jarmakowski T. , Instytut Psychologii U. Ł.

|

tom 13

EN

The article is the review of chosen researches and theories that relates to individual differences in susceptibility of learned helplessness (LH). In the first part of the article the specificity of the learned helplessness syndrome is outlined. Next the theories that are relevant when individual differences in susceptibility of LH are concerned, are presented. Then the researches related to the role of three individual differences: attributional style, Locus of Control and sex, in susceptibility of LH are presented and discussed. In the last part of the article there are some conclusions from the presented researches. Also some conclusions about the possible directions of the future researches to help to separate the reactions to single failure from the reactions to helplessness training.

5

Locus of Control and Receptive Skills in Second Language Acquisition

100%

Gałązka A. , Trinder M.

|

2016

|

tom 46

130-141

EN

The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between locus of control and achievement in second language learning, when using reading and listening as the measure of success of the learners. The study was conducted on a pilot group of 102 university students, enrolled in a master’s degree course at a university in Poland. The students were asked to complete the Drwal 29-question test of locus of control and a number of reading and listening tests to complete over an extended period of time in order to gain a reliable overview of their levels of achievement. The results, somewhat against the run of expectation, indicated that there was no apparent correlation-either positive or negative-between the orientation of locus of control of the participants and achievement. This goes against the conventional assumption that there should be some form of negative correlation, as previous research indicates that sucessful learners in an academic environment are more likely than not to have an inwardly orientated locus of control.

6

Real-Life Frustration from Virtual Worlds: The Motivational Potential of Frustration

88%

Balážiková M.

|

tom 2

|

nr 1

56-68

EN

The presented paper offers a short general introduction to frustration followed by a discourse on frustration as an integral part of gaming experience with the core distinction between positive in-game frustration and negative at-game frustration. The potential of frustration to increase motivation to play, emotional engagement and immersion is outlined. The paper includes comprehensive research using the means of a questionnaire (n=159) and content analysis (n=327) identifying types of frustrating situations in games, perceived sources of frustration, the behavioural impact of frustration and the relationship between locus of control and ascribed source of frustration. Results showed toxic behaviour as a leading cause of frustration. The most common declared behavioural output of frustration caused by the toxic behaviour of other players was quitting a game for a certain amount of time. Frustration showed the most motivational potential within the category of frustrating situations related to gamers e.g. being stuck in a part of the game, losing, not succeeding, etc. At-game frustration concerns mainly the category called the “game itself”. Most often the game was blamed for insufficiencies in game mechanics or game design, malfunctioning and technical issues within the game. The presented research did not show a statistically significant association between the source of frustration and a participant’s locus of control. The paper has potential in terms of game design and research of emotion, motivation or immersion.

7

Styles of coping with stress and locus of control in sporting situations in a group of young female football players

88%

Rutkowska K. , Bergier J. , Witkowski Z.

Human Movement

|

2014

|

tom 15

|

nr 1

60-64

EN

Purpose. The objective of the present study to analyse the styles of coping with stress and the locus of control (LOC) in specific sporting situations of female football players and seeking relationships between the analysed variables. Methods. The study included 50 female football players aged 16-18 years. Two psychological instruments were administered: the Polish language Questionnaire for Examining Locus of Control in Sports Activity (PKSPwS) and the Polish version of the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS). Results. The mean level of the investigated LOC dimensions as well as the styles of coping with stress showed that behaviour associated with avoidance and emotions predominated over task-oriented style. However, taskoriented style was positively related to the locus of control in specific situations that occur in sport. Conclusions. The results of the study suggest that social support and educational initiatives adapted to female athletes are required. These include mental training and the psycho-pedagogical intervention of coaches, where emphasis should be placed on enhancing internal locus of control as well as the development and improvement of effective stress-coping styles.

8

Self-confidence and Earning Inequalities: A Test on Hungarian Data

75%

Keller T.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

|

2010

|

tom 46

|

nr 3

401–425

EN

It is easy to see that highly fatalistic, inefficient persons believe that their actions have little outcome. Because greater fatalism lowers an employee’s effort level, it may result in lower wages, while the anti-fatalistic attitude translates into more effective work that in turn may be rewarded with a higher salary. In this article the author tests a self-confidence scale that is similar to the most widely used Rotter locus of control scale. People with high self-confidence have determination, feel they have an influence on their future, and are optimistic. In the analysis the author investigates the predictive power of self-confidence in wage equations using Hungarian data.

9

Lokalizacja kontroli adolescentów a korzystanie z internetu

75%

POLAŃSKI G.

|

nr 3

245-250

PL

Teoria poczucia kontroli należy do szerszego kręgu kategorii teoretycznych – uczenia się społecznego. Jej twórca, Rotter, zakłada, że niektóre osoby są przekonane, że to one są kowalami własnego losu, natomiast inne przypisują swoje życie czynnikom zewnętrznym. Artykuł zawiera krótką prezentację teorii poczucia kontroli, która stała się inspiracją do badania zależności pomiędzy sposobem korzystaniem z internetu a wewnątrzsterownością lub zewnątrzsterownością adolescentów. Podczas diagnozy skorzystano z Kwestionariusza do Badania Poczucia Kontroli – wersja zrewidowana Grażyny Krasowicz-Kupis i Anny Wojnarskiej przeznaczonego dla diagnozowania nastolatków oraz Testu Uzależnienia od Internetu autorstwa Kimberly Young. Badanie jest próbą weryfikacji założenia zawartego w teorii cech, która sugeruje, że osoby z zewnętrznym umiejscowieniem kontroli przejawiają tendencje do uzależnienia od internetu.

EN

The theory of the locus of personal control belongs to a wider range of theoretical categories – social learning. Its creator Julian Rotter assumes that some people are convinced that “life is what you make it”, while others attribute their lives to external factors. The article contains a brief presentation of the theory of the locus of control, which became an inspiration to study the rela-tionship between the use of the Internet and the internality or externality of adolescents. During the diagnosis, the Locus Of Control Questionnaire was used – the revised version by Grażyna Kra-sowicz-Kupis and Anna Wojnarska for diagnosing adolescents and the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) by Kimberly Young. The study attempts to verify the assumption contained in the trait theory, which assumes that people with an external location of control tend to be addicted to the Internet.

10

Styles of problem management by lecturers of a military university and the locus of control

75%

Laskowski M.

Szkoła - Zawód - Praca

|

2019

|

nr 18

315-329

EN

Coping with stress and the sense of control over the work done are vital issues in the specific profession of a lecturer of a military university. The quality of educational activity might be significantly lowered when dealing with various problems and coping with the accompanying stress as a result of adopting incorrect solutions, which additionally causes the loss or significant decrease in the sense of control over the situation. Thus, it is worth taking a closer look at the problem through an in-depth analysis of its particular dimensions, especially in terms of observed dependencies against the background of the socio-occupational conditions. The empirical research carried out among lecturers of a military university will allow to diagnose the situation and to formulate relevant conclusions. The results of analyses have been presented on the basis of research results obtained at the War Studies University in Warsaw with the use of standardised measurement tools as well as the elements of descriptive and correlation statistics.

PL

Radzenie sobie ze stresem oraz poczucie kontroli nad wykonywaną pracą stanowią niezwykle istotne kwestie w specyficznym zawodzie nauczyciela akademickiego uczelni wojskowej. Jakość działalności edukacyjnej podczas rozwiązywania różnego rodzaju problemów i pojawiającego się wówczas stresu może zostać znacznie obniżona z uwagi na przyjmowanie niewłaściwych rozwiązań skutkując ponadto utratą lub wyraźnym zmniejszeniem poczucia kontroli nad sytuacją. Warto zatem przyjrzeć się bliżej niniejszej problematyce poprzez dogłębną analizę jej poszczególnych wymiarów, zwłaszcza pod względem występujących tam zależności na tle uwarunkowań społeczno-zawodowych. Przeprowadzone w tym celu badania empiryczne wśród wykładowców uczelni wojskowej pozwolą zdiagnozować sytuację w tym zakresie oraz sformułować stosowne wnioski. Rezultaty podjętych analiz przedstawione zostały na podstawie wyników badań zrealizowanych w Akademii Sztuki Wojennej w Warszawie z zastosowaniem wystandaryzowanych narzędzi pomiarowych oraz elementów statystyki opisowej i korelacyjnej.

11

Attributions in High and Low Willingness to Communicate in L2

75%

Piechurska-Kuciel E.

|

2014

|

nr 52

129 - 146

EN

“Attributions” make up a psychological process that allows the individual to interpret and understand the behavior of others. As such, attributions refer to communicative behavior, enabling us to explain and understand the diversity of meanings given to communicative acts. Foreign language learners’ attributions regarding communication in L2 may be shaped by their willingness to communicate (WTC) in that language. The participants in this study were 609 secondary grammar school students. The results demonstrated that high levels of L2 WTC allow for responsible, internally driven, and stable behavior, firmly grounded in the student’s self-confidence. Learners willing to communicate in L2 demonstrate an unfaltering belief in their own abilities, and can take control of their own learning and fully rely on their hard work, irrespective of the hardships of the FL process. They are able to adapt to new challenges and new resources — a fact that makes them valuable assets to modern society. Conversely, students with low L2 WTC levels display serious maladaptive behaviors. They are not only convinced of their inferior abilities, but also reject investing more effort into their language learning processes. In effect, their self-confidence is extremely low, while their lack of volitional control makes them victims of blind fate governed by an FL context that they cannot understand or countenance. Ultimately it is very hard for them to adapt to new challenges, possibly resulting in fewer chances for success in adulthood.

12

Gry fabularne jako sposób zwiększenia kontroli nad rzeczywistością. Poczucie umiejscowienia kontroli oraz emocjonalność graczy w porównaniu do młodzieży niegrającej

75%

Walczak R. B. , Wężowska J.

|

2017

|

nr 1(10)

255-268

XX

Artykuł skupia się na wybranych aspektach osobowości młodzieży grającej i niegrającej w narracyjne gry fabularne. Założono, że młodzież grająca będzie miała silniejsze wewnętrzne poczucie kontroli oraz niższy poziom neurotyzmu niż młodzież niegrająca. W badaniu kwestionariuszowym przeprowadzonym na N = 194 osobach (z czego gracze to n = 101 osób) uzyskano wyniki zgodne z zakładanymi hipotezami. Wybrana metoda nie pozwala na stwierdzenie kierunku zależności, jednak rezultaty stoją w opozycji do negatywnego stereotypu graczy oraz mogą być punktem wyjścia do dalszych analiz.

EN

The article focuses on selected personality aspects of teenagers taking part in narrative role playing games as compared to non-players. It was assumed that players have a more internal locus of control and lower level of neuroticism in comparison with non-players. As a result of the questionnaire study, conducted on N= 194 people (n = 101 of which were players), the hypotheses were confirmed. The selected method does not allow the direction of relations to be indicated, but still the outcome stands in contrast to the negative stereotype of players, and may be a starting point for further research.

13

A comparative Study of Psychological Characteristics of Teachers in Riga and Smolensk

75%

Vladimirovna Bogdanova T. , Ermolaeva E.

|

nr 1

67-74

EN

The paper presents results of research on priority values in teaching process, the psycho-emotional state, self-evaluation, style of teaching and the level of subjective control of contemporary Russian and Latvian schoolteachers. According to Rezapkina (Резапкина, 1999), these five categories form the psychological portrait of a teacher. The authors analyse and compare the numerical representations of these characteristics, their variations and correlations for the three groups of teachers of both countries, which differ by length of service. An attempt was made to identify some negative trends in professional identity of schoolteachers, which are common to the professional communities of Latvia and Russia.

14

Determinants of aggressive coping strategies in adolescent youth in situations of social conflict

75%

Danuta B.-B.

|

nr Special issue

115-128

EN

The purpose of the study was to find personality and family predictors of aggressive coping strategies in adolescent youth in situations of social conflict. The Questionnaire for Analysis of Coping Strategies in Adolescents in Situations of Social Conflict (Kwestionariusz do badania strategii radzenia sobie młodzieży w sytuacji konfliktu społecznego, KSMK; designed by D. Borecka-Biernat), the Questionnaire for Analysis of the Sense of Control (Kwestionariusz do Badania Poczucia Kontroli, KBPK; designed by G. Krasowicz and A. Kurzyp-Wojnarska, the Stress Assessment Questionnaire (Kwestionariusz Oceny Stresu, KOS; designed by D. Włodarczyk and K. Wrześniewski), as well as M.Plopa’s Parental Attitude Scale (Skala Postaw Rodzicielskich, SPR) were used in the study. The empirical research was conducted in secondary schools on a sample of 893 adolescents (including 468 girls and 425 boys) in the age range of 13 to 15. In the light of the conducted studies it was determined that a strong conviction of the influence of other people on positive or negative outcomes of events , as well as the assessment of a situation of conflict as threat coincides with aggressive coping strategies in youth in situations of social conflict. The analysis of the results has revealed that the tendency to react aggressively to emotional tension generated in social conflict is shaped by an inappropriate parental attitude, characterized by an emotional distance of a parent to their adolescent child.

15

Self-esteem and Locus of Control as Determinants of Aggressive Coping Strategy of Young People in a Social Conflict Situation

75%

Borecka-Biernat D.

|

nr 5(105)

211-231

EN

The aim of the study was to evaluate the contribution of self-esteem and locus of control in generating in the youth an aggressive coping strategy in a social conflict situation. The study made use of a proprietary questionnaire to study the coping strategy of youth in a social conflict situation (KSMK), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES), and the questionnaire to Study the Locus of Control (KBPK) created by G. Krasowicz and A. Kurzyp-Wojnarska. Empirical studies were carried out in junior high schools [Polish: gimnazjum] in Wroclaw and the surrounding area. They involved 811 adolescents (414 girls and 397 boys) aged 13 – 15. In the light of the performed studies it was stated that low general selfesteem in youth and strong belief in the influence of others on positive or negative effects of events play a particular role in the choice of aggressive strategy of young people to cope in a social confl ictsituation.

16

Development of the School Events Locus of Control Scale

65%

Poziemska J.

Kultura-Społeczeństwo-Edukacja

|

2019

|

tom 15

|

nr 1

247-265

PL

Many studies have shown that the activity of individuals depends, among others, on constructs such as self-efficacy, self-esteem, motivation, learned helplessness or relations with the environment. They are in turn closely related to the locus of control. As it takes shape under the influence of experiences, past events are important in this process, for students – school events in particular must be taken into account. Due to the fact that tools are missing that could be used by paedagogues to study and diagnose the locus of control of school events in pupils, an attempt has been made to construct it. Existing tools are constructed in other cultures or socio-economic conditions, so this research is an attempt to construct a tool to determine the direction of explaining school events, separately for successes and failures. The sample consisted of 449 second graders from schools above the lower secondary level. The reliability of the tool was verified by the internal compliance coefficient and the validity – by studying the relationship with the chosen variables. The tool can be considered validated. In terms of the failures scale, the tool achieved satisfactory reliability, while the in terms of the scale of success – it needs more development

EN

Many studies have shown that the activity of individuals depends, among others, on constructs such as self-efficacy, self-esteem, motivation, learned helplessness or relations with the environment. They are in turn closely related to the locus of control. As it takes shape under the influence of experiences, past events are important in this process, for students – school events in particular must be taken into account. Due to the fact that tools are missing that could be used by paedagogues to study and diagnose the locus of control of school events in pupils, an attempt has been made to construct it. Existing tools are constructed in other cultures or socio-economic conditions, so this research is an attempt to construct a tool to determine the direction of explaining school events, separately for successes and failures. The sample consisted of 449 second graders from schools above the lower secondary level. The reliability of the tool was verified by the internal compliance coefficient and the validity – by studying the relationship with the chosen variables. The tool can be considered validated. In terms of the failures scale, the tool achieved satisfactory reliability, while the in terms of the scale of success – it needs more development.

17

Relationship between Tolerance for Ambiguity and Socio-psychological Characteristics of Managers

63%

LEONOV I.

|

tom 4

|

nr 1

133-136

EN

The article describes the relationship between tolerance for ambiguity and socio-psychological characteristic of managers. Statistically relevant correlations have been identified. The findings have practical value

18

Triggers and Damages of Organizational Defensive Routines

63%

Yang Y. , Secchi D. , Homberg F.

|

nr 6/2018 (80)

85-103

PL

Dotychczas w badaniach nad praktykami obronnymi w organizacjach wskazywano na ich wyraźne i wzajemnie powiązane elementy indywidualne i organizacyjne. Nie wyodrębniono jednak i nie przeanalizowano czynników wywołujących praktyki obronne na obu tych poziomach. Charakteryzując praktyki obronne, autorzy artykułu odwołują się do teorii praktyk organizacyjnych. Następnie identyfikują czynniki wyzwalające je na poziomie indywidualnym i organizacyjnym. Do tych zidentyfikowanych na poziomie indywidualnym należą ogólne poczucie własnej skuteczności, poczucie umiejscowienia kontroli i neurotyczność, natomiast na poziomie organizacyjnym wskazano politykę organizacyjną, biurokrację i strukturę organizacyjną. Autorzy artykułu analizują potencjalne szkody, jakie praktyki obronne mogą powodować u osób i organizacji, związane z satysfakcją z pracy, zaangażowaniem w pracę, „oburęcznością” (ambidexterity) organizacji i procesami uczenia się organizacji. Zaproponowany przez autorów model teoretyczny stanowi fundament dla przyszłych badań empirycznych i poszerza na poziomie teoretycznym sieć nomologiczną praktyk obronnych w organizacjach.

EN

According to research, organizational defensive routines (ODRs) have strong and intertwined individual and organizational components. However, the literature has yet to systematically isolate and analyse ODR-triggering factors at both levels. In this paper, we shall first refer to organizational routine theory to expound the characteristics of ODRs. Next, it identifies their individual and organization-level triggers. At the individual level factors generating ODRs are general self-efficacy, locus of control, and neuroticism, while those operating at the organizational level are organizational politics, red tape, and organizational structure. Finally, the chapter explores potential damage ODRs could cause to individuals and organizations related to individuals’ job satisfaction, work engagement, organizational ambidexterity, and organizational learning. The theoretical model presented in this paper forms a foundation for a future empirical study and theoretically extends the nomological network of ODRs.

19

Religijność poszukująca i fundamentalizm religijny: dwa wymiary religijności w badaniach empirycznych

63%

Besta T. , Błażek M.

|

2012

|

tom 15

|

nr 4

117-137

PL

Przeprowadzono trzy badania empiryczne (N = 64, 170, 166) mające na celu zbadanie związków pomiędzy fundamentalizmem religijnym, religijnością poszukującą, umiejscowieniem kontroli, aprobatą społeczną, cechą lęku i klarownością koncepcji siebie. Podobnie jak w poprzednich badaniach, fundamentalizm religijny negatywnie wiązał się z religijnością poszukującą. Zewnętrzne umiejscowienie kontroli okazało się istotnym predyktorem fundamentalizmu religijnego, natomiast nie było nim w odniesieniu do religijności poszukującej. Było też mediatorem relacji pomiędzy cechą lęku a fundamentalizmem religijnym. W badaniu 3 klarowność koncepcji siebie wiązała się z religijnością poszukuącą, nie była natomiast związana z fundamentalaizmem religijnym. W artykule omówione są konsekwencje tych wyników dla badań empirycznych nad religijnością.

EN

Three empirical studies were conducted (N = 64, 170, 166) to test the relationship between religious fundamentalism, quest religion, locus of control, social desirability, trait anxiety and self-concept clarity. As in previous studies, religious fundamentalism was found to be negatively related to quest religion. External locus of control was a significant predictor of religious fundamentalism, but not of quest religion, and mediated the relationship between trait anxiety and religious fundamentalism. In Study 3, self-concept clarity was found to be related to quest religion but not to religious fundamentalism. Consequences of these findings for empirical research on religiousness are discussed.

20

Poczucie umiejscowienia kontroli oraz nadzieja podstawowa jako cechy korelujące z psychicznym przystosowaniem do choroby nowotworowej u kobiet z rakiem piersi – doniesienie wstępne

63%

Kot J. , Kaczor K. , Kocur J.

Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna

|

2008

|

tom 8

|

nr 3

155-163

EN

Introduction: To date, there are several reports devoted to the influence of psychological factors on treatment outcome in oncological patients. One of these factors is a construct defined as mental adjustment to neoplastic disease, encompassing both patient’s reaction to diagnosis and modification of his/her attitude towards the disease in the course of treatment and rehabilitation. Interviews with mastectomized women revealed that their reactions in response to the diagnosis and therapy may be classified as: “stoic acceptance”, “negation, “helplessness – hopelessness” and “fighting spirit”. Subsequent studies demonstrated that these attitudes closely correlate with activity of the patients’ immune system, and thus with survival rate and quality of life. Therefore it appeared worthwhile to precisely identify factors coexisting with constructive adjustment to cancer. Aim of paper: The aim of this study was to assess correlations between locus of control, basic hope and mechanisms of mental adjustment to neoplastic disease in women with breast cancer. Material and method: Fortyfive women with a diagnosis of breast cancer aged 35-83 underwent psychological examination. The following instruments have been used: Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale (Mini-MAC), DELTA questionnaire, Basic Hope Inventory (BHI-12) and sociodemographic questionnaire. Results: Statistical analysis revealed significant correlation (p<0.05) between sense of internal locus of control and adoption of “fighting spirit” strategy. There was also a correlation between external locus of control and destructive adjustment to the disease, resulting mainly in adoption of the “helplessness – hopelessness” strategy. No significant correlations between type of adjustment to disease and basic hope were noticed. Perception of outer environment and own life as controlled entities is associated with experience of positive emotional states, which via cortico-hypothalamicpituitary- adrenal axis stimulate the patients’ immune system. Therefore, the “fighting spirit” attitude, typical for women with internal locus of control, contributes to improved survival and quality of life. Lack of sense of control over reality, typical for women with destructive adaptation to their disease, is a powerful and usually prolonged stressor, leading to significant reduction of effectiveness of immune system, thus resulting in increased mortality rate in this group of patients.

PL

Wprowadzenie: Współcześnie istnieje szereg doniesień opisujących znaczenie czynników psychologicznych dla procesu zdrowienia w grupie pacjentów onkologicznych. Jednym z nich jest konstrukt określany jako psychiczne przystosowanie do choroby nowotworowej, który obejmuje zarówno reakcję na diagnozę, jak i zmiany postaw jednostki wobec choroby zachodzące w trakcie procesu leczenia oraz rehabilitacji. Wywiady prowadzone wśród kobiet po mastektomii wykazały, że reakcje pojawiające się w odpowiedzi na diagnozę i terapię można zakwalifikować jako „stoicką akceptację”, „zaprzeczanie”, „bezradność – beznadziejność” oraz postawę „ducha walki”. W dalszych badaniach okazało się, że powyższe postawy ściśle wiążą się z aktywnością układu immunologicznego, a w efekcie z długością oraz jakością życia. Ważne zatem wydaje się dokładne zidentyfikowanie czynników współwystępujących z konstruktywnym przystosowaniem do choroby nowotworowej. Cel pracy: Celem badań była ocena związku pomiędzy poczuciem umiejscowienia kontroli oraz nadzieją podstawową a mechanizmami psychicznego przystosowania do choroby nowotworowej u kobiet z rakiem piersi. Materiał i metodyka: Badaniem psychologicznym objęto 45 kobiet z rozpoznaniem złośliwych zmian nowotworowych w obrębie piersi, w wieku od 35 do 83 lat. Posłużono się następującymi narzędziami: Skalą Przystosowania Psychicznego do Choroby Nowotworowej Mini-MAC, Kwestionariuszem DELTA, Kwestionariuszem Nadziei Podstawowej (BHI-12) oraz ankietą socjodemograficzną. Wyniki: Wyniki analizy statystycznej wskazały na istotny związek (p<0,05) pomiędzy wewnętrznym poczuciem umiejscowienia kontroli a przyjmowaniem strategii „ducha walki”. Dostrzeżono również współzależność w zakresie zewnętrznego poczucia umiejscowienia kontroli oraz destruktywnego przystosowania do choroby, głównie poprzez postawę „bezradność – beznadziejność”. Nie wykazano istotnych statystycznie korelacji pomiędzy adaptacją do nowotworu a nadzieją podstawową. Postrzeganie świata oraz własnego życia jako kontrolowanego wiąże się z doświadczaniem pozytywnych stanów emocjonalnych, które za pośrednictwem osi korowo-podwzgórzowo-przysadkowo- nadnerczowej stymulują m.in. układ odpornościowy. Dlatego też postawa „ducha walki”, charakterystyczna dla kobiet z wewnętrznym umiejscowieniem poczucia kontroli, przyczynia się do wydłużenia życia i poprawy jego jakości. Brak poczucia wpływu na rzeczywistość, typowy dla kobiet destruktywnie przystosowanych do choroby nowotworowej, jest silnym, najczęściej przewlekłym distresem, który prowadzi do znacznego obniżenia wydajności układu odpornościowego, a tym samym do wzrostu wskaźnika śmiertelności w tej grupie chorych.