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EN
The article presents the possibility of using twin-spot laser welding (i.e. laser welding with focusing a laser beam on two spots) for making overlap joints made of 0.8-1 mm thick HSLA and DP type high strength steel sheets. Joints were made using a Yb:YAG disc laser having a maximum power of 12 kW and a welding head by means of which it was possible to focus a laser beam on two spots, 0.6 mm and 1 mm away. The angle between focuses amounted to 0° or 90°, whereas the power distribution was 50%-50%. With settings as presented above it was possible to obtain high-quality overlap joints. The geometrical parameters of the joints were primarily affected by beams positions (in relation to each other) and, to a lesser degree, by the distance between the focuses. It was possible to obtain a 10% hardness reduction in the fusion zone of the DPHSLA steel joints if the angle between the beams amounted to 90°. The tests also involved microstructural examinations of individual zones of the joints.
EN
The hot deformation behavior of a heavy micro-alloyed high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel plate was studied by performing compression tests at elevated temperatures. The hot compression tests were carried out at temperatures from 923 K to 1,223 K with strain rates of 0.002 s-1 and 1.0 s-1. A long plateau region appeared for the 0.002 s-1 strain rate, and this was found to be an effect of the balancing between softening and hardening during deformation. For the 1.0 s-1 strain rate, the flow stress gradually increased after the yield point. The temperature and the strain rate-dependent parameters, such as the strain hardening coefficient (n), strength constant (K), and activation energy (Q), obtained from the flow stress curves were applied to the power law of plastic deformation. The constitutive model for flow stress can be expressed as σ = (39.8 ln (Z) – 716.6) · ε(−0.00955ln(Z) + 0.4930) for the 1.0 s-1 strain rate and σ = (19.9ln (Z) – 592.3) · ε(−0.00212ln(Z) + 0.1540) for the 0.002 s-1 strain rate.
EN
Machinability study of a material is used to find the ease and difficulty during machining operation. High Strength Low Alloy (HSLA) medium carbon steel (EN25 steel) is considered to possess better mechanical properties than carbon steel. In this work, an attempt is made to experimentally investigate and realize the machinability of EN25 steel during turning with coated carbide tools. The effects of machining parameters on cutting force components, Specific Cutting Pressure (SCP), co-efficient of friction and shear energy are analysed during the investigation. The results of the investigation revealed that the mentioned machinability characteristics are necessary and essential to evaluate the machinability of HSLA steel effectively.
EN
In sheet metal forming operations the mechanical properties of the sheet metal (stress-strain curve, flow stress) greatly influence metal flow and product quality. Accurate determination of the stress-strain relationship is important in process simulation by finite element method. In this paper the sheet thickness gradation in different points of the hemisphere formed in the bulge test is analyzed, both by simulation and experimentally. A precise determination of sheet thickness at the pole is very important in the precise determination of stress-strain relationship. The aim of this paper is to show on some aspects of numerical simulation of hydraulic bulge test and experimental verification of obtained results.
PL
Przedstawiono wyniki wpływu wyżarzania odprężającego na własności mechaniczne oraz na wytrzymałość zmęczeniową złączy stali w gatunku S420MC należącej do grupy stali walcowanych termomechanicznie. Opisano przebieg badań i przedstawiono wyniki podstawowych badań mechanicznych oraz podano wyniki pomiarów naprężeń własnych. Ponadto, na podstawie eksperymentalnych badań zmęczeniowych, wyznaczono kategorie zmęczeniowe dla czterech najpopularniejszych rodzajów złączy spawanych w stanie wyjściowym oraz po wyżarzaniu odprężającym. Stwierdzono, że proces wyżarzania odprężającego zalecanego przez niemieckie wytyczne SEW 088, nie wpływa na wzrost wytrzymałości zmęczeniowej złączy spawanych stali S420MC.
EN
The article presents the results of tests focused on the effect of stress relief annealing on the mechanical properties and fatigue strength of joints made of S420MC steel grade belonging to a group of thermo-mechanically control processed steels. The article contains the description of the aforesaid tests and presents the results of the basic mechanical tests as well as of internal stress measurements. The text also presents information about fatigue categories experimentally determined for the four most popular types of welded joints at their initial state and after stress relief annealing. In addition, the article informs that the stress relief annealing process recommended by German guidelines SEW 088 does not result in an increase of the fatigue strength of S420MC steel welded joints.
PL
W referacie przedstawiono chronologiczny przegląd rozwoju zastosowań stali spawalnych w różnych dziedzinach wytwarzania obiektów, zwłaszcza wielkogabarytowych. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono stali mikrostopowej z dodatkami Nb, V, N, która okazała się szczególnie przydatna dla energetyki. Zwrócono uwagę, że skromne zasoby tradycyjnych paliw w kraju nakazują wzmożenie zainteresowania alternatywnymi źródłami energii, zwłaszcza ekonomiczną konieczność rozsądnego wykorzystania energii rzek.
EN
A chronological review of the development of weldable steels application in various constructions. Special allention has been paid to microstructural steel containing Nb, V, N, which proved useful for energetical objects. Attention has been paid also to the necessity of developing alternative sources of energy, bearing in mind diminishing resources in the country.
EN
The precipitation kinetics of HSLA-100 steel and the correlation between tensile and impact properties were studied. According to the modified Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogorov (JMAK) analysis and based on the analysis of the time corresponding to the transformed fraction of 0.5 (t0.5), the activation energy for the precipitation of copper during aging of martensite was determined as ~111 and 105 kJ/mol, respectively. These values are much smaller than the activation energy for the diffusion of Cu in a-iron, which was related to the effect of high dislocation density of the quenched martensitic microstructure on the aging process. These results were verified based on the diffusional calculations. Based on the analysis of mechanical behavior, no reasonable correlation was found between strength of the material and the impact energy. However, the impact energy was found to be propor-tional to the UTS-YS, where the latter is an indicator of the work-hardening capability of the material. This revealed that the work-hardening capacity of the material is a much more important factor for determining the impact toughness compared to its strength.
EN
The research, carried out on the basis of the laboratory rolling, led to finding that the finish-rolling conditions in the Universal rolling mill (Tfinecke żelezarny a.s.) cannot in general influence the resulting structural and mechanical properties of the rolled product very much. The decrease in the finish rolling temperature from 960 °C to 810 °C resulted in the increase of the yield stress only by 5 %, while the corresponding roll forces rose by up to 45 %. A key role in rising of mechanical properties of the investigated HSLA QStE460N steel, under particular operational conditions, plays a low cooling speed of final rolled products, which is given by the absence of the laminar cooling.
PL
Badania walcowania w warunkach laboratoryjnych, pozwoliły wykazać, że warunki końcowego walcowania na walcarce uniwersalnej (w Tfinecke żelezarny a.s.) nie wpływają znacząco na końcowe właściwości strukturalne i mechaniczne walcowanych wyrobów. Spadek temperatury końcowej walcowania z 960 °C do 810 °C spowodował wzrost granicy plastyczności jedynie o 5 %, podczas gdy odpowiadające temu naciski walców wzrosły do 45 %. Kluczową rolę w polepszeniu właściwości mechanicznych badanej stali typu HSLA gatunku QStE460N, w ściśle określonych warunkach realizacji procesu walcowania, odgrywa niska szybkość chłodzenia wyrobów gotowych, która jest warunkowana brakiem chłodzenia laminarnego.
EN
The aim of the conducted experimental work was to study the deformation behaviour in the hot state and causes that lead to failure of compactness of a microalloyed steel determined for the tube production. The results of the formability testing are presented, performed by measurements of the strength and plastic properties by means of the tensile test performed at the forming temperatures and displacement speed of the cross beam in the range of 6 to 300 mm/min. It was shown that in the case of this material it is not essentially possible to avoid a defect formation after its cooling by a change of the forming speed.
PL
Celem przeprowadzonego eksperymentu było zbadanie technologicznej plastyczności stali HSLA w warunkach przeróbki plastycznej na gorąco, jak również przyczyn pękania stali mikroskopowych stosowanych do produkcji rur. Zaprezentowano zależność wytrzymałości i właściwości plastycznych badanej stali od warunków odkształcania. Próby rozciągania prowadzono dla temperatur z zakresu przeróbki plastycznej na gorąco tej stali z prędkością w zakresie od 6 do 300 mm/min. Wykazano, że w przypadku badanej stali zmiana prędkości kształtowania nie wpływa w istotny sposób na możliwość uniknięcia defektów po operacji chłodzenia.
EN
Investigations of (martensite - austenite) M-A islands in HSLA X65 and X70 steels grade have been carried out. Since the traditional 'Nital' and 'Picral' etchants were inadequate for revealing M-A islands in a suitable way, a special technique of etching was prepared to obtain the effect of more selective etching for metallographic and scanning microscope studies. Metallograpgic investigations included revealing and evaluation of volume fraction of M-A islands as function of cooling time. TEM studies were performed to confirm the optical microscope observations.
EN
The effect of calculated dissolved vanadium content, (V), on the hardenability of medium carbon-manganese HSLA steels containing the complex addition of V, Ti, Nb, Zr and Al was investigated. Calculation of dissolved vanadium content was carried out using the thermodynamic model. The optimum conditions for maximising the vanadium hardenability effect were established.
EN
The results of complex analysis of the size of (Ti, Nb, V) (C, N) carbonitride particles are presented. The morphology of particles, their size distributions and chemical composition were investigated. The results of investigations were compared with calculated data obtained using the thermodynamic model for carbonitrides precipitation in HSLA steels.
PL
W referacie omówiono podstawowe zależności dotyczące wyróżniających się cech stali spawalnych. Główne zagadnienia dotyczą spawalnosci stali, granicy plastyczności, odporności na rozwój zniszczenia, podstawowego asortymentu i znaczenia wydzieleń dyspersyjnych. Specjalną uwagę poświęcono znaczeniu struktury austenitu w procesie walcowania i wpływowi szybkości chłodzenia, jako głównym parametrom regulowanego walcowania.
EN
The main relations concentring the properties of weldable ateels have been diseussed. The main problems concerning weldability, yield strength, resistance to fracture and dispersion stregtheninghave been discussed. A special attention has been paid to structural changes during controlled rolling.
EN
Precipitation of carbonitride in HSLA steel containing up to three microalloying elements was analysed, using classical theory of diffusion controlled nucleation. For this purpose the driving force for carbonitride nucleation is calculated using a thermodynamic model. The results of calculation show, that the critical nucleus formed at high temperature is richer in N and element having the highest chemical affinity for N compare to the bulk precipitate at equilibrium. On the basis of analysis a kinetic model was developed for predicting start times, for precipitation of carbonitride in austenite.
EN
The mechanical properties of a series of HSLA-100 copper treated steels with different carbon and rare earth metals (REM) contents were evaluated. The steels used in this study were heat treated to exhibit yield strengths (YS) in the range 670 to 860 MPa. Of particular interest in this study were the effect of C and REM contents on the CTOD fracture toughness, upper shelf energy(USE) and fracture appearance transition temperature (FATT) of the steels. The results obtained clearly showed the deterioration of the impact and fracture toughness properties of the steels tested as the carbon content increased. Similar effect was observed with the total inclusion projected lengh per unit area.
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EN
Purpose: was to investigate impact of cold forming and annealing on microstructural and mechanical properties of HSLA steel. Design/methodology/approach: Testing of Nb-V-Ti microalloyed strip steel was based on a combination of cold rolling, recrystallization annealing, mechanical testing, metallography and TEM. Findings: It was confirmed that by a suitable combination of size of previous cold reduction size and parameters of the following annealing it is possible to influence considerably a complex of mechanical properties of particular strips. Strength as well as plastic properties depended on the course of recrystallization and precipitates' coarsening during annealing. Research limitations/implications: The experiment should be supplemented by the more detailed analyses of microstructure. Practical implications: The results may be utilized for optimization of terms of heat treatment in a cold rolling mill, especially in accordance with specific requirements for a relation between plastic and strength properties of the investigated steel. Originality/value: Research possibilities of VSB-TUO in the sphere of cold rolling of Nb-V-Ti HSLA steel were introduced in combination with the complex approach to processing of the obtained results.
17
Content available remote Obróbka cieplno-plastyczna blach grubych ze stali typu HSLA
72%
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu obróbki cieplno-plastycznej na strukturę i własności mechaniczne stali typu HSLA przeznaczonej do produkcji blach spawalnych grubych. Parametry obróbki cieplno-plastycznej dobrano na podstawie badań kinetyki rekrystalizacji austenitu wyznaczonej w próbie wieloetapowego skręcania na gorąco z szybkością odkształcenia 3 s-1 i odkształceniem H = 0,2 w kolejnych etapach. Zastosowana obróbka cieplno-plastyczna pozwala na uzyskanie drobnoziarnistej struktury austenitu podczas odkształcenia plastycznego na gorąco oraz wytwarzanie blach uzyskujących korzystny zespół własności mechanicznych i gwarantowaną odporność na pękanie po kontrolowanym chłodzeniu z temperatury końca obróbki plastycznej.
EN
The paper presents the results of the research on the influence of thermomechanical treatment on the structure and the mechanical properties of the HSLA-type steel intended for the production of weldable heavy plates. The parameters of the thermomechanical treatment were selected based on the testing of the austenite recrystallization kinetics determined in the hot multistage torsion test at the deformation rate of 3 s-1 and with the deformation H = 0,2 at the consecutive stages. The applied thermomechanical treatment allows to obtain the fine- -grained microstructure of austenite during hot-working and to produce steel plates which get an advantageous set of mechanical properties and guaranteed crack resistance after controlled cooling from the plastic deformation finish temperature and successive tempering.
EN
Materials scientists are seeking to produce metals with reduced weight and dimensions while maintaining the appropriate mechanical properties. There are several ways to improve the internal structure of metals, such as the ultrasound used to solidify liquid metal. The homogeneity of the grains and the uniformity of the metal structure affects its mechanical strength. This paper presents the results of investigations into the effects of hot deformation parameters in compression on the austenite grain size in the HSLA (High Strength Low Alloy) steel (0.16% C, 0.037% Nb, 0.004% Ti, 0.0098% N). The axisymmetric compression investigations were performed on cylindrical investigation specimens using a Gleeble 3800 thermomechanical simulator with the strain rate of 1÷15.9 s-1 and strain degree ε = 1.2. Before deformation, the research specimens were austenitized at TA = 1100÷1250 °C. The metallographic observations of the primary austenite grains were conducted with an optical microscope, while the structure of dynamically recrystallized austenite, inherited by martensite, was examined by using a scanning electron microscope.
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EN
Failure mode of resistance spot welds (interfacial vs. pullout) is a qualitative measure of resistance spot weld performance. Considering adverse effect of interfacial failure mode on the vehicle crashworthiness, process parameters should be adjusted so that the pullout failure mode is guaranteed ensuring reliability of spot welds during vehicle lifetime. In this paper, metallurgical and mechanical properties of HSLA 420 resistance spot welds are studied with particular attention to the failure mode. Results showed that the conventional weld size recommendation of 4t0:5 (t is sheet thickness) is not sufficient to guarantee pullout failure mode for HSLA steel spot welds during the tensile-shear test. Considering the failure mechanism of spot welds during the tensileshear test, minimum required fusion zone size to ensure the pullout failure mode was estimated using an analytical model. Fusion zone size proved to be the most important controlling factor for peak load and energy absorption of HSLA 420 resistance spot weld.
PL
Tryb uszkodzenia zgrzein (pękanie na granicy faz a wyrywanie) jest jakościowa miara zachowania zgrzein. Biorąc pod uwagę niekorzystny wpływ uszkodzenia na granicy faz na odporność pojazdu na uderzenia, parametry zgrzewania powinny być ustawione tak, ze trybem uszkodzenia jest wyrywanie co gwarantuje niezawodność zgrzein w czasie eksploatacji pojazdu. W pracy, badane sa metalurgiczne i mechaniczne właściwości zgrzein stali HSLA 420 ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem trybu uszkodzenia. Wyniki próby rozciągania i ścinania wykazały, ze konwencjonalne zalecenie rozmiaru spoiny 4t0:5 (t - grubość) nie jest wystarczające, aby zapewnić ze trybem uszkodzenia jest wyrywanie. Biorąc pod uwagę mechanizm uszkodzenia zgrzein w czasie próby rozciągania i ścinania, minimalna wielkość strefy stopionej wymagana do zapewnienia, ze trybem uszkodzenia jest najbardziej istotnym czynnikiem decydującym o maksymalnym obciążeniu i pochłanianiu energii przez zgrzewana stal HSLA 420.
20
Content available remote Znaczenie mikrododatku niobu dla spawalności stali
58%
PL
Podstawowym sposobem poprawy spawalności jest obniżenie zawartości węgla w stali. Wprowadzenie mikrododatków, w szczególności niobu, w połączeniu z kontrolowanym walcowaniem, pozwala na obniżenie zawartości węgla z równoczesnym zachowaniem wysokiej wytrzymałości stali. Stanowi to ogólną strategię produkcji niskostopowych stali o wysokiej wytrzymałości (HSLA), przy czym rzeczywiste opracowanie takich stali zależy od końcowego ich przeznaczenia i konkretnych technik spawania. W artykule przedstawiono i przedyskutowano rozmaite przykłady, w jaki sposób dodatek niobu może poprawić zachowanie się nowoczesnych stali o wysokiej wytrzymałości podczas ich spawania, biorąc pod uwagę różne metody spawania, jak np. spawane laserowe, rezystancyjne zgrzewanie punktowe i spawanie w osłonie gazów ochronnych. Poszczególne przykłady odnoszą się do przemysłu samochodowego, sektora ropy i gazu, jak również do konstrukcji ogólnego stosowania. Dla wybranych przypadków zwrócono również uwagę na ekonomiczny wpływ stosowania stali z mikrododatkiem niobu w dziedzinach o dużym udziale spawania.
EN
It is evident that reducing the carbon content in the steel is a key step to improve weldability. The introduction of micro-alloying, particularly by niobium, in combination with controlled rolling, allows to reduce the carbon content and to maintain still the high strength of the steel. This being the general strategy of modern HSLA steel production, the actual design of such steels depends however on the final purpose and the particular welding technique. The paper presents and discusses diverse examples of how niobium micro-alloying can improve the welding behaviour of modern high strength steels considering very different welding techniques, such as for instance laser welding, resistance spot welding and gas-metal arc welding. The examples refer to the automotive industry, the oil and gas sector as well as to general construction. In selected cases also the economical impact of using Nb micro-alloyed steel in welding intensive applications has been indicated.
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